Axonal GABAA receptors increase cerebellar granule cell excitability and synaptic activity.

We report that activation of GABA(A) receptors on cerebellar granule cell axons modulates both transmitter release and the excitability of the axon and soma. Axonal GABA(A) receptors depolarize the axon, increasing its excitability and causing calcium influx at axonal varicosities. GABA-mediated subthreshold depolarizations in the axon spread electrotonically to the soma, promoting orthodromic action potential initiation. When chloride concentrations are unperturbed, GABA iontophoresis elicits spikes and increases excitability of parallel fibers, indicating that GABA(A) receptor-mediated responses are normally depolarizing. GABA release from molecular layer interneurons activates parallel fiber GABA(A) receptors, and this, in turn, increases release probability at synapses between parallel fibers and molecular layer interneurons. These results describe a positive feedback mechanism whereby transmission from granule cells to Purkinje cells and molecular layer interneurons will be strengthened during granule cell spike bursts evoked by sensory stimulation.